Economic Effects Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Economic Effects Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Water pollution is ever more becoming a big problem that the human population needs to seriously look at. Water is the most valuable resource that we have and all living things cant go for long without it. 70% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water but apparently only 3% of it is fresh and fit for human consumption. Of that 3%, 75% of it is frozen; leaving a mere 1% of the earths surface water which is available for consumption. Some of the major sources of water pollution include agricultural pollution, organic pollution, toxic waste, runoff and thermal pollution. In modern times, organic pollution has been on an upward trend to the environment and this is heavily because of the growing population the world is witnessing. One will find in a developed city, that there are so many people that the environment sewerage plants and sewerage plants are not able to take in all the waste and at the same time, function in its usual way. The excess waste becomes food for the algae and this increases their growth rate and thus depletes oxygen in the water. In order to combat diseases and combat the extinction of plant and animal life, which play a big part in the economy, water pollution should be put under control. It has been estimated that it is the lead cause of deaths and diseases in the world. To control water pollution steps need to be taken like treatment of domestic sewage, which apparently contains 99.9% of pure water, industrial waste water treatment, done through pollution prevention process, agricultural waste water treatment through point and non point source control system and many other ways. Research question Does water pollution really have an effect on the economy? Significance This proposal aims at looking at the various ways that can be used to prevent water pollution and to establish the ways that are most efficient and economically viable. This will be done by clearly looking at all the methods that can be used to prevent water pollution and their workability. The importance of so doing is to look at the cost effective method than can be used and how well the method works. Literature Review This research proposal aims at looking at the different types of water pollution i.e. point source pollution and the non-point source pollution, the causes i.e. pathogens, chemical and other contaminants, thermal pollution and also to look into details the different methods that are used to reduce or eliminate water pollution i.e. domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater, construction site stormwater, urban runoff (Parks, 2007). Previous research During the summer of 1971, at a filtration plant in Chicago south, the filters were blocked with a lot of algae that they hand to be removed by hand. The water tasted and smelled like dead fish and this led to the addition of a lot more chlorine in order for the water to be drinkable. If this can happen to such big lakes like Lake Michigan then all the lakes out there are not safe. To stop this from happening better systems to treat sewage need to be devised. New systems that take raw sewage and turn it into usable water have been developed, however it is only done on a small scale basis. A research done by Pulitzer centre found out that more than 900 million people in the world do not have access to clean water everyday and that 4500 people die each day due to waterborne illness. People spend a lot of time on a daily basis to fetch clean water, taking time away from more economically productive education and work. This is despite the fact that unlike most crises around the world, sa nitation and clean water can be achieved at affordable prices and the reward of the venture is impressive. METHODOLOGY There are two types of water sources, ground water and surface water and they both have different pollutants. Some of the sources of surface water pollution include: Point source pollution- This refers to a single recognizable source of water pollution and the contaminants enter the channel through passages such as a ditch or a pipe. This can be done through discharges from a factory, stormwater or a sewage line. From the book written by S.K. Agarwal, he says that much of the pollution in our rivers is caused by human activities which are not controlled causing accelerated flow of soil minerals from the land to the rivers. He says that point source water pollution can be prevented by ensuring that the water coming from factories and sewerage systems is well treated before being released into rivers and other water bodies. Non-point source pollution-This refers to pollution that does not originate from one discrete source. It is mostly summative contamination effect of little amounts of contaminants which gather from a large area. An example is the runoff of nutrient in storm water or storm water that is washed off from roads, parking areas or highways. Some of these discharges may contain harmful pollutants that may mix with clean water and make it harmful to plants and living organisms. This can be prevented by channeling the run off to other places where it can be treated before being released to water bodies. Ground water pollution-This is not easily categorized as surface water pollution. Groundwater aquifers are at risk of contamination from sources that may not openly affect surface water bodies Causes of water pollution The precise contaminants that lead to pollution in water include a wide range of chemicals, pathogens, and tangible or sensory changes such as increased temperature and discoloration. Even though most of the substances and chemicals that are found may be naturally occurring (sodium, calcium, manganese, etc.) the concentration is often determines what is a normal composition of water, and also what is a contaminant. Substances that deplete oxygen may be natural materials, such as plant matter like leaves and grass, as well as artificial matter like chemicals. Other natural substances may cause turbidity which occurs as cloudiness blocking light and disrupting plant growth, and clogging the gills of some fish genus. Many of the chemical matter are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne ailment in either humans or animals. Modification of waters physical chemistry includes change in pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and eutrophication. This is an increase in the intensity of chemical nutrients in an ecological unit to a level that increases in the primary productivity of the ecological unit. Depending on the quantity of eutrophication, subsequent destructive environmental effects such as oxygen depletion and rigorous reductions in water quality may occur, distressing fish and other animal populations (Parks, 2007). BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES: Virus, Bacteria, and Parasites Ages ago, waterborne diseases caused a lot of deaths. Even today in underdeveloped nation, an anticipated 25,000 people will pass away daily from waterborne diseases. Consequences of waterborne microbes can be instant and overwhelming. Therefore, microbes are the most significant consideration in making water up to standard for human consumption. Generally speaking, current municipal supplies are rather free from unsafe organisms because of regular disinfection with chlorine and recurrent sampling. This does not imply that municipal water is free of all bacteria. People with personal wells and undersized rural water systems have a greater reason to be alarmed about the possibility of microorganism contagion from animal waste, septic containers, and many other problems. In California, there is a little district, where 4,000,000 gallons of urine is taken up by the ground daily from dairy cows! Powers that be claim that nearly 4000 cases of waterborne illnesses are accounted every year in the U.S. They also approximate that much of the temporary ills and day by day gastrointestinal malady that go usually unreported can be accredited to organisms located in our water supplies. INORGANIC IMPURITIES: Total Dissolved Solids These substances include dissolved rock particles and other compounds from the ground. The existence and quantity of total dissolved particles in water characterizes a point of controversy among those who endorse water treatment products. The consequences of higher levels of Total Dissolved Solids in water include: High TDS water is always less thirst quenching. High TDS results in undesirable flavor which could be bitter, salty or metallic. High TDS hinders the flavor of foods and drinks, resulting to them not being pleasing to consume. Some of the entity mineral salts that build up TDS can cause an assortment of health hazards. The most problematic are Sodium, some Nitrates, Sulfates, Copper, and also Barium. Dirt and Sediment or Turbidity Most waters have some suspended elements which may be made up of clay, fine and sometimes rough sand, different grades of soil, and precipitated salts in general. Turbidity is nasty to see, and it can also be a source of food and place to stay for microorganisms, and can get in the way of effective disinfection. Radioactivity As much as trace amounts of radioactive elements can be obtained in almost all drinking water, intensities that pose serious health hazards are reasonably rare. Radioactive wastes percolate from mining processes into groundwater supply. The maximum threat is posed by nuclear processing plants, nuclear mishaps, and radioactive waste discarding sites. As containers having these wastes weaken with time, the risk of contaminating our aquifers grows by the day. ORGANIC IMPURITIES: Herbicides and Pesticides The growing use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture can be seen in our drinking water. Irrigation and Rain bring these fatal chemicals down into the groundwater and also into surface waters. There are approximately 100,000,000 inhabitants in the US who depend on groundwater for supply entire or part of their drinking water. The way our dependence upon groundwater is increasing, so is its contagion. Our own domestic use of herbicide and pesticide substances also adds to real contamination. These same chemicals can bring about respiratory, circulatory and nerve disorders (Parks, 2007). Tastes and Odors If the water you use has a disagreeable taste or odor, there is a chance that it is due to one or even more of numerous unrefined substances ranging from rotting vegetation to algae; phenols to hydrocarbons. It can also be TDS or a host of other items. Effects of water pollution Water borne diseases Human communicable diseases are some of the gravest effects of water contamination, particularly in growing countries, where hygiene may be insufficient or non-existent. Waterborne diseases come about when parasites or other disease-causing microbes are transmitted through contaminated water, particularly water tainted by pathogens starting off from excreta. These may include intestinal vermin, typhoid, and even most of the enteric and diarrhea diseases that are caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Some of the gravest parasitic diseases are ascariasis, amoebiasis, and even hookworm (Parks, 2007). Even developed countries are not resistant to the crisis of infectious waterborne diseases. In the year 1993, there was a high cryptosporidium level in Milwaukees drinking water delivery that sickened more than 400,000 people. It was an extreme case, but diffusion of infection agents such as bacteria and cysts through contaminated but poorly treated public water is even more regular than it should be. Each year, approximately seven million Americans are made sick by tainted water. This is just partly because of drinking water-pollution of recreational water, like the beach water and swimming pools, is also a predicament. Nutrient pollution The emancipations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that come from waste disposal, agriculture, coastal expansion, and fossil fuel application. Once the nutrient contamination reaches the coastal zone, it encourages harmful overgrowths of algae, which can have straight toxic effects and in the end result in low-oxygen conditions. There are certain types of algae which are poisonous. Overgrowing of these algae may result in risky algal flourish, which are frequently referred to as red tides .Zooplankton eat the poisonous algae and start passing the toxins up the food series and affect edibles like clams, and eventually working their way up to seabirds, aquatic mammals, and humans. The result can be sickness and sometimes death (Agarwal, 2005). Urbanized countries have started checking for toxic algal blooms, shutting fisheries as necessary. This has been able to reduce the frequency of related human illness but has also had the obvious economic charge of lost income for fishers and other related businesses-and it does nothing to solve the trouble for the oceanic life stuck in the center of the red tide. Lastly, nutrient pollution can set off unusual outbreaks of fish diseases. For instance, experts have found out that Pfiesteria, a tiny aquatic pathogen, can prosper in nutrient-polluted waters. In the year 1991, it is estimated that at least a million menhaden fish in North Carolina, were swiped out in a Pfiesteria epidemic. Again in 1997, numerous tidal creeks in the Chesapeake Bay watershed got a Pfiesteria epidemic, and grave fish kills occurred creating a huge dent in the economy. Nutrient pollution is believed to have played a role in the two cases. Chemical pollution. In the years, several types of chemicals have gotten into our watercourse -and still continue to do so to date. Chemical pollution of water usually occurs because the chemicals were discarded into the water deliberately; the chemicals oozed into streams, groundwater, or rivers because of weakening pipes or storage containers; the chemicals disastrously tainted waterways because of industrial accidents; The pollution developed out of polluted air or was brought on out of polluted air. Chemicals were leached out of polluted earth. The kinds of chemical contamination above are regarded as point sources of pollution of water. On the other hand Non-point-source chemical contamination also happens through pesticide runoff from farm lands and homeowners lawns, as well as overflow of vehicle fluids and other different chemicals from parking bays, tarmac roads, driveways, and many other surfaces (Burk, 2005). In regard to general human wellbeing effects, pesticides can Distress and injure the nervous system; Cause injury to the liver; Damage DNA and be the root of a assortment of cancers; Cause reproductive damage; Cause additional severe toxic effects. Petroleum and Oil Chemicals As oil contamination gets into water, some of the compositions are tarnished and detached by photochemical processes, evaporation, and even bacterial degradation, while others can be more challenging and may persist on for many years, especially in low waters with muddy sediments. Experts know that oil or the chemical components of it can seep into marshland and sub-tidal sediments and stay there for decades, harmfully affecting marine worms, marsh grasses, and other marine life that live around or in the sediment. Conclusion The tap water quality is synchronized, and almost 100% of communal water systems in the United States are meeting the set clean drinking water standards. But this is not good enough because many people are still persuaded its worth buying water that is bottled. Even when the Environmental Working Group did tests on tap water from a number of urban areas, it found around 119 allegedly normal chemicals-some of which the EPA has put health-based restrictions-and another 141 totally unfettered chemicals. If tap water has those many chemicals in it but can still be classified as meeting water quality values, one might say that the standards not up to date. In all regards, it is fair to say that tap water usually has a some what strong chlorine taste. Chlorine and its disinfecting byproducts are known to be health threats, and no one wants to be the casualty of the next cryptosporidium-in-drinking-water crisis or some similar horror (Tripathi Pandey, 2009). Therefore it is no wonder that many of us go to the extra expenditure and trouble of buying bottled water or filtering tap water, even if there are no set of laws that guarantee those approaches will be able to offer water which is safer. People should not agree to this situation passively. It is costing us a lot of money. The income for bottled water is approximately $12 billion in a year-in the United States alone. And on top of that, you can add the money for filters for the kitchen-sink water. Put in the additional fuel use associated with built-up, packing, and transportation of these goods, and we find that the cost of avoiding tap water that is polluted is rather soaring. We had not even counted the health costs connected to waterborne ailments and other health complication because of water pollution. What if we as a people were to spend just half of this money as an alternative to addressing the basis of water pollution? It could go a extensive way toward putting in place old water treatment plants; funding the restoration wetlands and efforts of monitoring watershed; and tightening the enforcement laws that govern clean water.

Editing and Conclusion

Examine this conclusion paragraph. Work to create a better conclusion using the strategies you reviewed in your readings and the â€Å"How to Conclude† handout. Don’t forget to also edit and proofread the paragraph for other kinds of writing mistakes. As my report states, you will not always you’re entire life have to devote yourselves to cleening up the enviroment in order to make a differance to the World. Therefore, we should all put more enargy in to re cycling.Its made a difference in my house because we useto have more trash then we do now since we re cycle. Also, seperating is good. I hope you enjoyed reading my paper on re cycling. THE END 🙂 To sum it all up, there are more than a million ways to make a lasting change in the world. From the littlest effort of picking up my own trash to the more serious act of initiating garbage disposal in my own community.This does not require one to devote one's whole life to a single cause rather to be aware a nd do a little something to alleviate the effects of the problem. Thus, I believe that we should put more energy into recycling materials especially those that can be made into something useful or as a source of income. Recycling has made quite a difference in my household and I hope that it can do the same thing for most people.

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Samples of Essay Writing in English

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Samples of Essay Writing in English After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. You may even go for an available writer to communication panel, which delivers an immediate communication between the author and the customer. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. The Do's and Don'ts of Samples of Essay Writing in English All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. It's significant as it can add some volume to your essay and boost the effect of your words. You don't need to be a walking thesaurus but a small variance can make the very same idea sparkle. Don't neglect to explain the significance of the topic covered and the interest it may arouse in the potential readers. Therefore, it runs with fantastic accuracy with no downtimes. Hopefully, you could find a couple of tips that you believe can help you improve your essay writing abilities. If you get pre-written essays and have any doubts, you may always elect for rewriting. The rules for writing a great essay are the same. Such sample essays can be quite helpful, because they can give a complete picture of what a fine essay is. So you've just realized that you're a couple of hours away to your homework submission deadline and don't have any clue where to begin or ways to get from the mess you're going to land into. To structure an essay, you should simply follow the aforementioned format. Nobody expects your very first essay to be ideal. Anything you must finish your paper quickly and qualitative. Essay Edge is an internet essay editing resource which helps with academic and admissions essays. In the long run, however, remember that excellent writing doesn't happen by accident. An outing will do you plenty of good. Get your creative juices flowing by brainstorming all the potential ideas you can imagine to handle your college essay question. Then you'll move on to the remainder of your paper. Always bear in mind, any essay have three distinct components. If you must compose a longer or more elaborate essay, it may help to outline either side of the argument before you begin writing. An important point to bear in mind is to make certain you don't have a thing in the essay that's not related to your topic. Once you brainstorm, you will know what you would like to say, but you have to decide how you're likely to say it. 1 way to consider the conclusion is, paradoxically, as a second introduction as it does actually contain a number of the very same capabilities. Narration is telling a story from a particular viewpoint, and there is generally a reason behind the telling. What Samples of Essay Writing in English Is - and What it Is Not Incorrect Flats in my city are extremely expensive for a single person. To get started it's important to realize that learning English is of extreme importance for people in Spain. Incorrect Most folks share household tasks. Question they share household tasks. Some instruments are designed to make many notes, like a piano. When doing this, you'll acquire an unbelievable knowledge in writing. You might be able to Ease yourself in the essay-writing approach. Learning how to write in another language can be very difficult, especially whenever you're first getting started.

QNT561 Sampling and Data Collection Pla Essay - 957 Words

Sampling and Data Collection Plan Name QNT/561 October 27, 2014 Instructor Introduction Royal Blue Airlines is a medium sized airline company offering flights throughout the United States, Mexico, Caribbean Islands, and Latin America. The company operates a fleet of Boeing 737 aircrafts and is in the process of replacing older ones with newer, state-of-the-art planes. These new planes are very expensive, so management wants to maximize passenger count. A study has been authorized to determine: Is there is a difference in the number of passengers taking flights (DV) that are based upon certain days of the week (IV)? Population and Size The population for this study consists of airline passengers that numbers in the†¦show more content†¦Another randomly selected number from 1 to 25 is chosen to be the interval value n. Each sample contains the first member and each subsequent nth survey until the sample size is reached. This method is simple; each survey response is given an equal probability of being selected, and the whole population of surveys will be evenly sampled. Sample Size Calculation The sample size is a simple calculation using stated parameters such as confidence level or Z-Score, margin of error, and standard deviation. For this research study, the confidence level is 95%, and the margin of error is 5%, therefore, each sample size is determined to be 289 responses. The calculation is in Appendix B. Validity and Reliability Validity in research â€Å"establishes whether the results obtained meet the requirements of the scientific research method† (Shuttleworth, 2014). This research has validity because the surveys are not mandatory, and selection of each sample is through random selection using systemic sampling. Reliability in research means any significant results are inherently repeatable (Shuttleworth, 2014). Additionally, other researchers must be able to perform the same experiment under similar condition and achieve the same results. This research method is simple and given a random number generator; it is easily repeatable. Data Collection The number of surveys for each flight will match the

Childhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children - 1188 Words

Certain consumer behaviors adopted by children affect their mental and physical health. Studies have shown that there is a link between what children see in advertisements and the lifestyle choices they make. Studies also showed that children who viewed advertisements showing healthy eating were more likely to engage in healthy eating habits (Carter and Maria). There are large amounts of advertisements for foods and drinks high in fat and sugar. Many studies show that there is a link between childhood obesity and advertising. There has been a rise in childhood obesity in the past few years and many believe, and have evidence to support, that it is partly because of unregulated advertisements aimed towards children. The health of a child is very important childhood obesity is something to be concerned about. The definition of childhood obesity is: having a body mass index above the normal range for age and sex in children. The definition of childhood obesity may not sound very frighte ning, but childhood obesity has many detrimental effects and associated diseases and disorders that extend into adulthood (Dill and Moglia). Some of these include: metabolic syndrome, high insulin levels, high blood pressure, abnormal lipid levels, atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Other than physical syndromes, childhood obesity also affects children mentally. Children with childhood obesity often have poor body image, low self-esteem, social isolation, recurrent anger, clinicalShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1273 Words   |  6 Pagesincline, childhood obesity is one of the most important issue. Often times, parents are willing to do anything for their child with the idea that it is â€Å"healthy.† When they figure out that not everything is healthy, some even take efforts to sue the company. Parents do not realize the underlying factors that cause this type of obesity. Childhood obesity can be a result of many factors in this upc oming society. Many consider genetics and hormonal development as a proof for childhood obesity. HoweverRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1727 Words   |  7 PagesEnding Childhood Obesity Juanita was born at an average weight of six pounds, but now at 10-months-old she weights a whopping 44 pounds. Juanita has gained over seven times her original weight and is at the weight of an average five year old. Doctors say by age two or three Juanita could develop type two diabetes (She Was Just Ten Months). Unfortunately, this is not a rare for many children all over the world; many children suffer from the exact same situation Juanita has been put into. ChildhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1093 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity is a serious, sometimes fatal condition in which a person is significantly overweight for his or her age and height. Many children suffer from this condition all over the world. Childhood obesity is one of the most increasing health threats that the United States faces. Many researchers ask how children get to be so overly obese and unhealthy. They have come up with ways to somehow prevent it; however, the rates of the growing d isease have grown rapidly over the years. It causes many problemsRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity introduce In addition to the physical harm, obesity and negative psychological impact on children. This is a high risk factors of childhood obesity, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obese children always lower than that of healthy children intelligence and operators. Their activities, learning and communication ability is very low, and their depression and low self-esteem can make the children s sensitivity to interpersonalRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 Pagesprevalence among preschool-aged children, obesity among children is still too high. For children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, the prevalence of obesity has remained fairly stable at about 17% and affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents for the past decade (CDC). Childhood obesity does not only affect children, but also has many long term health effects on our children as they get older, including, an increased risk of ty pe 2 diabetes in both childhood and adulthood. (2). ResearchersRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAccess to fresh fruits, vegetables and nutritious meals is an important component in combating childhood obesity. Socioeconomic conditions can limit access to quality food for many children. Without the ability to consume nutritious, low calorie food portions children are at risk for developing health conditions. In 2011, 20.6% of households with children in the U.S. have experienced food insecurity and it has been associated with negative health and development outcomes including more frequentRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children945 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that childhood obesity has tripled in last 30 years? According to Spark, a web site about childhood obesity, a child is considered obese if their BMI(Body Mass Index) is 30 or higher. This is a serious medical condition. It can lead to a variety of serious diseases and have physiological and psycological impact on the children, moreover it can cause issues in their social lives. Childhood obesity is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Home, schools, and the communityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1614 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity has become one of the leading causes of death in our nation today. Sadly, our society in whole is one of the heaviest. Putting an emp hasis on the fact that â€Å"obesity rates among children of all ages are dramatically higher then they were a generation ago† (Green). Society has made it, with little to no trouble, that kids can get what they want, when they want it. Children are unaware of the harm and trauma they are putting their bodies through at such a young age. Childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States, the busiest country on over the world, is being threatened by the obesity, especially children. Compare with the past 30 years, in 2012, the number of children are obese increases doubled (Childhood Obesity Facts). The major elements that lead to the childhood obesity not only come from the invisible factor are family’s gene, but also the environment grow them up as school and the influence of technology in the modern society. But if the parent and school have a positive behaviorRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1871 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood obesity has been more than doubled in the past 30 years and it increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012 according to the USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood obesity is a very genuine therapeutic condition that influences children. It happens when the child is above the typical weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects both the children and adults. Childhood obesity is not only an issue in developed countries

A Critical Analysis of Various Schools of Thought in Strategy Theory Free Essays

Strategy theory is a multi-disciplinary academic field with competing schools of thought based on often-incompatible assumptions, including even the basic definition of the field of study.   This is highlighted by the many attempts in the last decade to identify main paradigms, and search for new approaches. Mintzberg (1990; 1998) has put forward a taxonomy of assumptions and approaches, identifying ten main schools of thought, of which three are normative and together constitute the â€Å"classical approach† to business strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Analysis of Various Schools of Thought in Strategy Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The other seven are descriptive in nature.   Mintzberg named these schools the design, planning, position, entrepreneurial, cognition, learning, power, cultural, environmental, and configuration schools (Haugstad, 1999). This paper will evaluate the design, planning, and position schools (the â€Å"classical† view) as a single approach, contrasting it with a hybrid of the learning and the cultural schools (the â€Å"resource-based† view, according to Mintzberg’s classification). 1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Classical Approach to Strategy The 2nd Industrial Revolution saw the emergence of mass national markets as developments in technology provided means to production hereto unavailable.   Economies of scale and scope provided the rationale for large-scale investment, and thus the emergence of strategic investment, and competitive strategy, as a means to shape market forces and affect the competitive environment. Subsequently, World War II supplied a vital stimulus to strategic thinking in business as well as military domains, because it highlighted the problem of allocating scarce resources across entire economies (Ghemawat, 1999). The work of Andrews, Christensen, Smith, Selznik, and Learned et al in the 1950’s form the design school (in Mintzberg’s taxonomy), while Ansoff through his work on corporate strategy is seen as the founder of the planning school (Haugstad, 1999). The original design school outlook was that of essential â€Å"fit† between a company’s internal resources and capabilities (strengths and weaknesses) against an external environment (possibly hostile, providing threats as well as opportunities). This gave rise to a framework that came to be referred to as SWOT, representing a â€Å"major step forward in bringing explicitly competitive thinking to bear on questions of strategy† (Ghemawat, 1999: pg 6). The SWOT gained quick acceptance as management practice, but did not provide satisfactory closure to the problems of actually defining a firm’s distinctive competence, and resource allocation for long-term development versus short-term gain. Igor Ansoff’s book, â€Å"Corporate Strategy†, was seminal in establishing the planning school’s approach.   Ansoff subscribed to the â€Å"fit† approach of the design school, but emphasized resource allocation in relation to a â€Å"common thread† that he defined as a firm’s â€Å"mission† or its commitment to exploit an existing need in the marketplace (Ghemawat, 1999). The planning school also emphasized a formal planning process resulting in detailed programming of the organization (Haugstad, 1999).   Ansoff and others also worked to translate the logic built into the SWOT framework into complex sequences of questions that needed to be answered in the development of strategies. Adam Marshall combined the concepts of supply and demand analysis in 1890 into the â€Å"Marshallian scissors†, which featured a downward-sloping demand curve and upward-sloping supply curve.   He also introduced the concept of price elasticity of demand. Supply-demand analysis was quickly incorporated into economics and marketing courses at business schools, though it seems to have had less impact on the teaching and practice of business strategy.   Other economists of what became known as the â€Å"Harvard School† argued that the structure of some industries might permit incumbent firms to earn positive economic profits over long periods of time. Thus an industry’s structure would determine the conduct of buyers and sellers and, by implication, the industry’s performance in terms of profitability, efficiency, and innovation. Michael Porter, in his framework for industry analysis, generalized the supply-demand analysis of individual markets in several important respects: relaxation of the assumptions of homogeneity (of product) and large numbers (of competing sellers); shifting attention from 2-stage vertical chains, each consisting of a supplier and a buyer, to 3-stage chains made p of suppliers, rivals, and buyers; catering for potential entrants and substitute products. Porter’s work formed the basis of what became known as the position school of business strategy.   This school recognizes only three generic strategies: cost leadership, differentiation, and focusing.   Thus, the school sees strategy as the selection of an attractive industry (Porter, 1980), and good positioning within this industry (Porter, 1985).    How to cite A Critical Analysis of Various Schools of Thought in Strategy Theory, Papers

Islamic Financial Organisation

Question: Describe about theIslamic Financial Organisation?. Answer: Introduction- This research is based on the importance of IFO and CSR towards the Charitable value. Islamic financial organizations main source of income is providing financial services. Islamic financial organisation support a hundred of organisations. Islamic financial organisation donated charitable fund towards the education of children. Islamic financial organisation also donated towards the education of girls of the Nation. Background- This assignment is a work on the Corporate Social Responsibility of an Islamic Financial Organisations in Bangladesh. Corporate Social responsibility and the Islamic financial Organisations need to be seen as a benefit and not the cost of an economy. There is an effort of the Islam towards the brotherhood which shows that it is necessary to give importance to the community to some extent. Significance Thus, it is the responsibility of the Islamic Financial Organisations to create a linkage between the Charity Organisation of Islam and the business organisation. This research is based on the study of CSR and Islamic financial Organisations in order to promote the charitable value. Problems- The common problems faced by the IFO and the CSR are to meet the charitable value. It should contribute towards the charity by maintaining the business values. Various questions are asked to find out the solution of the problems. Research Objectives- CSR has grown over the last 25 years. This has resulted into the contribution towards the charity by most of the business organisations. Strategic charity has been adopted by many business organisations. All the three factors are considered such as the contribution of funds towards the charitable purpose, meeting the bottom line of a firm and political legitimacy need to be enhanced. Strategic charity helps the firm to contribute towards the charity, while the financial bottom line is being served. (Hemphill 1999, p.57) . It is necessary to study the CSR is order to optimize the charitable value. The following are some of the basic questions that are asked- Research Questions Whether there is existence of Islamic Financial Organisations business case for CSR? Whether the corporation is engaged in the charitable activities? The Strategy that can be used for the Islamic Financial Organisations and CSR, the manner in which the corporation is contributing towards the charitable value? Hypothesis The research is based on the literature view, methodology of business as well as the charity. Special focus is given to the Islamic charity and the Islamic financial organisation. There has been increase in the awareness as well as the investment from the people which has resulted into the growth of Islamic banking and the financial system. It earns profit like other business firms. The banking activities of the Islamic Financial Organisations is based on the Shariah principle. This principle requires that the Islamic Financial Organisations should operate in conformance with the commitment of social responsibility. Literature review- The following is the literature review of the research- Theoretical Framework- According to Davis and Blomstrom defines CSR as the internal corporate decision maker obligation to improve the welfare of the society along with their interest. The corporation need not have to balance the gained benefits with the cost that is incurred in order to gain those benefits. Corporate social responsibility simply means that the corporation need to be accountable towards the environment and the people. Charity ensures the business to help the community. To increase the profit is the social responsibility of a business. It also helps the stockholder to prevent themselves from disposing the fund. Stockholder, employees and the corporation should make contribution towards the charity. Legislation is required to comply with the social responsibilities. Cost is involved for the implementation of this legislation. (Mohieldin et al., 2011) There is reduction of social responsibility towards the legal obligation. CSR and the IFO are the benefit and not the cost for the business organisation. There is a dynamic way given by the Islamic financial ethics to the charity works. There is an integration of the society and the individual. The problems are defined based on the scope and scale horizon. Charity of Islam is appreciated by the mankind. (Visser, n.d.) Islamic Financial Organisation need to face various global challenges with regards to poverty alleviation, climate change, etc. Some social initiative was started by the Islamic Financial Organisation. Thus, it is necessary to create corporate awareness among the society and to make them social responsible. Thus, Development of Corporate Security is very much important in the modern society. CSR has resulted into the emergence of Corporate community investment. Charity include the assistance given to the art, education, health, culture and civic etc. Strategic charity contribute to the programmes that are directly or indirectly associated with the business. Strategic Charity is the sponsorship that is done jointly with one or more corporations. It is necessary to grow the awareness and the demand for investment is made as per the Islamic principles. It has catalyst the Islamic financial and banking institution as the growing institution. (Visser, n.d.)There is increase in the investo rs both muslim and non muslim who are making investment in the new products. Islamic financial Institution is earning profits from the various activities carried out by it. Various questions are asked such as, The manner in which the corporation engage in the charity? What is the business case of Islamic financial Organisation with that of CSR? What strategy need to be adopted by the Islamic Financial Organisation towards the CSR and how it is contributed towards the value of charity? Research Methodology The following are some of the methods adopted for carrying out the research. Contribution to the knowledge- There are four layered pyramid model which is also called as pyramid of responsibilities. They are economic, ethical , legal and philanthropic. The responsibility should be considered as a whole. In case of economic responsibilities, it will include decision with regards to sale. Legal responsibility include the obedience of law by the Islamic financial organisation. Ethical responsibility include leadership and operate above the standards. Philanthropic responsibility include the responsibility towards the community and engagement of volunteerism. Research Design- Research design shall consist of the questions that are required to be asked to the employees of the company. This will help to find out the employees responsible towards the organisation. Research Philosophy- It consists of the questionnaire method adopted. IFO and CSR is beneficial to the company and is not the cost of the company. Research Paradigm- According to the research conducted by Hassan (2004), Seventy nine percent of the employees were of the beliefs that they will not work for the organisation, in which value they do not believe. 99 percent of the employees will care towards their organisation, if their organisation is acting responsibly. Research Reasoning- About 84 percent of the Islamic Financial Organisations are aware of their social commitment. About forty eight Islamic financial organisations of the nineteen countries responded to the twenty questionnaires. About 28 percent were the issues associated with the community. About 14 percent of the respondents were responsible for the Islamic ethical issues. And 6 percent were concerned about the sustainable development. Data Collection Method- Data is collected by distributing the questionnaire among the employees in order to express their opinions. Method is used to study the design of CSR of a business organisation. It is also a study of optimization of the charity value of Islamic financial organisation. Advantages and challenges of chosen method- It helps to contribute towards the charitable value. Helps the business to grow and earn more profits. It also helps to find out the opinions of the employees towards the organisation. The challenges faced by the chosen methods are, the method need to be acceptable by all. The employees should be willing to give their opinion. Way to overcome- What CSR does your company have?- Islamic financial organisation CSR programs and initiatives can be found on the sub site Islamic financial organisation green. Relations with the employees About 51% of the workers are working and enjoying to work with Islamic financial organisation. Consumption of energy 50% of the energy is consumed, it contained 35% of the renewable energy and 75% of the non renewable energy. Emission of carbon Due to its operation in cloud, a carbon neutral is built. IFO also finance to the small and medium enterprises. Lending arrangements are made to influence the management. Infirmities need to accompanied with the supporting companies. Financial services in a special environment. Corporation and companies are brought together with unique assets by IFO. Non monetary assistance are provided to them which will be less costly. Corporation makes commitment of long term to the community which helps them to operate with the charity that is local in nature. By tying the business strategy with the corporate charity will help in the improvement of the social values. There will be flow of resources that are charitable in order to fulfill the CSR. This will help in the development corporate partnership to apply the assets and expertise so as to achieve the social objectives. Leadership, social awareness is some of the important qualities that the Organisation should possess. Thus, the company needs to develop go green concept to be environmental friendly. Islamic financial organisation and corporate social responsible go in one way of development. Thus, Corporate Social responsibility is more important for the growth of the company. Ethical Issues- Islamic financial organisation has also obtained the green certification building. Islamic financial organisation also encourages the regional programs in the markets it operates. Islamic financial organisation invested about 3.6 million towards the advertisement services for advertising the earthquake relief effort. Criticisms are given in the Islamic financial organisation report. It also consist of SWOT Analysis, Porters five forces, etc. As far as the corporate social responsibility is considered, Islamic financial organisation is the best example. Islamic financial organisation green is used to utilize the resources more efficiently. Proper steps are undertaken to reduce the expenditure of Islamic financial organisation. Thus, the savings made can be directed in some other areas. Islamic financial organisation is benefited due to Islamic financial organisation green. Recycling, energy saving lights will help to reduce the cost of Islamic financial organisation. Data Analysis- Data is analysed based on the opinion received from the employees. This opinions can be positive as well as negative. Limitations- The following are the indicators- Price factor of a product Quality of the customer service Human rights Working environment of the Islamic Reputation of the Islamic There is considerable influence of the IFO on the economic activity from the individual till the directors of the large company. Being the stakeholder, Islamic Financial Organisations is the most powerful but is ignored from the point of view of CSR. There is rare use of IFO for the CSR matters to their clients. CSR is not different form the business run by muslims, according to IFO. It is necessary to point out where the corporate clients are motivated with respect to CSR. IFO has its influence on the economic activity. They are the most powerful. Islamic financial organisation deletes the cookies that are used to track the visitors. Privacy questions are raised by the Islamic financial organisation earth. Couple were sued in the year 2008 on the ground that the online photos of the house violates the privacy. Time framework- The objectives are set. The time for the accomplishment of the objectives is minimum five years as it is the part of a long term, so as to enhance both the Islamic financial organisation and the corporate social responsibility. Reference- Ghosh, B. (n.d.).The global economic crisis and the future of migration. Gundogdu, A. (2012).Developing Islamic finance opportunities for trade financing. Durham University. Mohieldin, M., Rostom, A., Mohieldin, M., Iqbal, Z. and Fu, X. (2011).The Role of Islamic Finance in Enhancing Financial Inclusion in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Countries. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Scholte, J. (2011).Building global democracy?. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Visser, W. (n.d.).The A to Z of corporate social responsibility.